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Selasa, 22 Mei 2012

PART OF SPEECH

 PART OF SPEECH
            Part of speech is a  classification of words according to how they are used in a sentence and the types of ideas they convey.
No.
Part of Speech
Example
1.
Noun
Jack ,teacher ,book ,child ,life ,house ,table ,bag ,etc .
2.
Pronoun
I ,you ,we ,they ,he ,she ,it ,myself ,mine ,someone  ,etc .
3.
Verb
Buy , sleep ,study ,send ,watch ,wash ,swim ,write ,etc .
4.
Adverb
Often ,always ,yesterday ,tomorrow ,easily ,here ,etc .
5.
Adjective
Cheap ,expensive ,old ,smart ,beautiful ,many ,much ,etc .
6.
Conjunction
After ,before ,and , or ,but ,since , if ,while ,because ,etc .
7.
Preposition
On ,at ,with ,for ,to ,in ,of ,by ,without ,etc
8.
Interjection
Oh ,ah ,wow ,hey ,hello ,ouch ,hi ,etc .

1.Noun
     There are 4 kinds of noun:
            1.Common noun (umum) is noun which is generally.
               Example:   Boy          Country           Scientist          Day
                                 City           Month              Mountain         Year
            2.Proper noun (husus) is a noun which is the name of a particular person,
               place,  organitation.
               etc.(Andrew, brazil, the European Union.)
               Example: Indonesia is a big country.
                              proper noun
            3.Collective noun(sekumpulan benda) is a word for group of people , animals or object
               considered as a single unit.
               Example:  -A team of volley ball players is coming .
                                             collective noun
                                -A class of students is studying grammar.
                                      collective noun
4.Material noun(berasal dari alam) is a noun which is from material for making   
   something.
               Example:  Gold          Wood               Iron
                                Water        Salt                  Sand ,etc

      Berdasarkan wujud:
            1.Concrete noun(bisa dideteksi panca indra) is a word for a physical object that can be  
               perceived by the senses.
               Example:  Girl            Cupboard        Iron
                                Color         Cat                  Water ,etc
            2.Abstract noun is the name of something which we experience as an idea ,noy by
               seeing, touching.
   Example:  Biology                Chemistry            Music
                    Politic                  Kindness        
                                               
     Berdasarkan jumlahnya:
            1.Countable noun yaitu a noun which can have a plural form, and ca be used with
                  the indefinite article a/an.
                        ~ Bendanya yang dapat dihitung.
                        ~ Simbol n[C].
                        ~ Ciri-ciri    :    Dapat diikuti oleh 1,2,3...
                                                Dapat diikuti a/an.
                                                Dapat dijama’kan.
                   Kinds :  Singular [tunggal]
                                 Plural [jama’]
                   Example:    Singular                    Plural
                                        Car                          Cars
                                        Child                         Children
               Using of final –s/-es:
               1)Regular plural noun
                  a.Final –s/-es is added to word that the end is consonant and in –e/-ee
                     Example:   Singular                   Plural
                                         Book                       Books 
                                         Girl                         Girls
                                         House                     Houses                                              
                                         Tree                        Trees
                  b.Final –es is added to word that end in –ss,-sh,-ch,-x.
                     Example:    Singular                  Plural
                                          Class                     Classes
                                          Dish                       Dishes
                                          Branch                  Branches
                                          Box                        Boxes
                 c.For words that end in –y,if –y is preceded by consonant, the –y is changed to
                    –i and –es is added.
                    Example:   Singular                    Plural
                                          City                        Cities
                                          Story                     Stories
                 d. For words that end in –y, if –y is preceded by a vowel ,only –s is added.
                                       Singular                    Plural
                                          Boy                        Boys
                                          Key                        Keys
                 e For words that end in –f/-ef is changed to ves
                    Example:   Singular                    Plural
                                        Wife                         Wives
                                        Knife                        Knives
                   But  some of  words that end in –f/-ef,only –s is added.
                   Example:   Singular                     Plural
                                       Roof                         Roofs
                                       Chief                        Chiefs

              2)Irregular plural noun
                 a.singular and plural are same.
                   Example:   Sheep            deer                 fish     
                 b.Noun which is from foreign language(Latin, Yunani) .
                    Example:   Singular                    Plural
                                       Media                       Medium
                                       Analysis                    Analyses, etc

            2.Uncountable noun is a noun which has no plural form and cannot normally be used
    with the article a/an.
            Bendan yng tidak dapat dihitung
            Simbol : n[U]
            Ciri-ciri : ~Tidak dapat diikuti 1,2,3...
                           ~Tidak dapat diikuti a/an.
                          ~Ttidak dapat dijama’kan.
                Example: water, sugar, fruit, air, milk, sand, etc .

2.  Pronoun
     A pronoun is usually a substitute for a noun. The noun is called the "antecedent" (but an
     indefinite pronoun has no antecedent).

Def : Kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan Noun.
            ex   : Lihat ! Budi sedang tersenyum sendiriyan, mungkin dia bahagia.
                              s noun
                     Look ! Budi is smiling, maybe he is happy
                                                                s pronoun
a.    Personal pronoun:

Subject
Object
Possessive
Reflexive
adjective
pronoun
I
Me
My……
Mine
Myself
You
You
Your….
Yours
Yourself
We
Us
Our…..
Ours
Ourselves
They
Them
Their….
Theirs
Themselves
He
Him
His……
His
Himself
She
Her
Her……
Hers
Herself
It
It
Its…….
Its
Itself
     Example:  -They watch tv in their boarding house.
                           s                       p.adj
                      -My parents visited me last week.
                                                       o
                      -This book is mine.
                                            p. pronoun
                      -I myself did my homework last night.
                          Reflexive

         b. Demonstrative pronouns:  this, that, these, those.
            Example:   -This is a very good book.
                              -These shoes are mine.

b.    Indefinite pronouns (yang menggantikan benda yang tidak jelas):  all, another, any,  
     anybody, anyone, anything, both,each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, many,   
much, neither, nobody, no one, others, some, somebody, someone, little, several, none,  a lot(of),more, most .
            Indefinite Pronoun
Example: -No one passed the examination.
                           -It happened some thirty years ago.
      -I need somebody help me.

         d.Interrogative pronouns(kata tanya yang menunjukkan benda) 
who, whose, whom, which, what.
            Example:  -Who did it?
                             -Which is your car?

         e.Reciprocal  pronoun(Kata ganti yang menunjukkan hubungan interaksi)
           ~ each other,
~ one another.
                                    Example:  -Luna and Rezky love each other.
                                                     -All students in my class love one another.
                       

3.Verb
   A verb is a word which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something).
   a.
Based on form

To infinitive
Bare infinitive
Additional form
Past form
Past participle
Present participle
To open
Open
Opens
Opened
Opened
Opening
To study
Study
Studies
Studied
Studied
Studying
To finish
Finish
Finishes
Finished
Finished
Finishing
To write
Write
Writes
Wrote
Written
Writing
To begin
Begin
Begins
Began
Begun
Beginning
To be
Be
Is, am, are
Was, were
Been
Being
To do
Do
Does
Did
Done
Doing
To have
Have
Has
Had
Had
Having
To eat
Eat
Eats
Ate
Eaten
Eating

b . Based on position.

Ordinary Verb. (kata kerja utama) mian verb
·         Harus ada dalm kalimat.
·         Dalam kalimat hanya satu.
·         Jika verb nya lebih dari satu, Maka ordinary yang paling ahir.
Auxilary Verb (kata kerja bantu) Helping Verb
·         Boleh ada/tidak dalam kalimat.
·         Boleh lebih dari satu.

Pola     :     S + V                          : Nisa   drinks    oil.
                                                           s    V(ordinary)   o

                  S + V + V                    : Nisa   is   dringking   oil.
                                                                s         aux         ord          o

                  S + V + V + V             : Nisa   will   have   drunk   oil.
                                                          s         aux       aux      ord        o

                  S + V + V + V + V       : Nisa  will  have  been  dringking  oil.
                                                                s       aux     aux      aux           ord           o
                       

 c .Based on  the function :

            1.)Verb auxiliary (kata ganti bantu)Halping verb
                 Example :  -Anton is watching tv now.
                                               v.aux
                                   - Adib and Reza are smart student.
                                                              v.aux
                    Kind of verb auxiliary:
a.    Primary auxiliary
~Tidak ada makna dalam kamus
~Membentuk karakter tenses
~Anggota :
Be         : Is, Am, Are, Was, were, been, being.
Do       : Do/does, Did, Done.
Have   : Have, has, had.
Example :  -She is reading magazine.
                  -Dinda doesn’t like him.
                  -You have had breakfast.
                  -They didn’t look at me.

Dapat menjadi Ordinary apabila :
                  Be : Kalimat nominal
                  Do : Bermakna “Mengerjakan
                  Have : Bermakna “mempunyai/ meni’mati”.

b.    Modal auxiliary
~ Memiliki makna kamus dalam kalimat
~ Membentuk karakter tenses
~ Anggota: Will (akan)

 Would (akan,dulu terbiasa),

 Shall (akan),

 Should (akan,seharusnya,kemungkinan),

 Can (bisa),

 Must (harus,pasti),

 may (mungkin,boleh,semoga).
~ Selamanya menjadi Auxilary.
                                 Example : - I will go to Lombok island.
                                                   -They should come on time.

c.    Emphasize auxiliary
~ Memberikan penamaan pada Verb
~ Bermakna Sungguh-sungguh
~ Anggota : do/does, did, done.
                                 Example : -She does love him.
                                                   -I do miss you. [saya benar-benar merindukan mu]
                              ~ Kalimat (+).

            2.)Verb ordinary (kata kerja utama) Main verb
                       
                 Example :  -I have bought a new car.
                                                v.ord
                                   -She studies English.
                                             v.ord
                                           -I don’t do my homework.
                                                v.ord

                     Kind of verb ordinary :

                        a.Transitive verb
                           Def : Kata kerja yang membutuhkan Objek.
                                     example : - I like you.

                                    ▪Kind of verb transitive:
                                       1.) Monotransitive is transitive verb which has 1 object only.

                                           Example: -She waters the flowers.
                                                           -I need you.

                                       2.) Distransitive is transitive verb which has 2 objects (direct object and indirect object).

                                           Example: -I give you some money.
                                                                        IO            DO
                                                            -He sent me letter.
                                                                             IO   DO
                        b.Intransitive verb
                           Def: Kata yang tidak membutuhkan Objek.

                           example :  -They run quickly.
                                             -I swim.                         

4. Adverb     
    An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
             Def : (kata yang menjelaskan “Adj, Adv, V, Sentence”).
             Posisi : Initial, Middle, Finaly.
                                   
    Kind of adverb:

         1.Adverb of manner (cara)
            Adj + ly
                        Careful ~> Carefully (dengan hati-hati).
                        Slow     ~> Slowly (dengan pelan).

            Adv + Adj
                        Fast ~> Fast.

            Adj/Adv(berbeda)
                        Good ~> Well

            Example: -Rara sings sweetly.
                                             adv. of manner
                                     -She goes to school by bus.
                                                            adv. of manner

           2.Adverb of place and direction (tempat dan arah).
            Example: -He is at home.
                                       adv. of place
                            -The children are playing football outside.
                                                                                  adv. of direction

         3.Adverb of time (waktu)
            Definite Time [jelas] : now, tomorrow, yestrday, next mount...
                              Example : -I will come to your home today.
                                                                         adv. of time(definite time).
                                                 -She has already taken a bath.
                                                            adv. of time(indefinite time)

            Indefinite Time [ tidak jelas]:keseringan,always, often,just, yet, not, already.
           
 4. Intensifeying Adverb (ukuran)
            Kinds:
1.    Adverb of degree (ukuran)
Too, Very, Enough..
                        Example: -He is extremely handsome.
                                                adv. of degree

§  Distinguishing adverb (emphasizes) penegas
Not, just, only...
                        Example: -This is not exactly right.
                                                            dist.adv
                            -I just want to see him.
                               dist.adv

B. Based on its Function

1.    Sentence adverb.
maybe            ~ fortunately
Probably     ~ Unfortunately
Finaly                         ~  ... etc.
ex : His house was burnt. fortunately, she wasn’t at home.

2.    Explamatory Adverb (dengan memberi contoh).
Such as                      Example
Exampligration         Namely
Ect...
ex : I have 2 cats, namely: ucil, dan ocil.

3.    Interrogative adverb. (kata tanya yang menanyakan adv).
Why    (mengapa)     ~When (kapan)
Where            (dimana)        ~How   (bagaimana).
ex : She will come here tomorrow.
       when will she come here?

4.    Exlamatory adverb (kekeguman).

How+ ajd/adv + S + V +!
ex    :   I am confused
            How Confused I am !
note : what + np + S + V (tidak masuk dlm anggota karena what adj)

5.    Relative Adverb
Adv yang difungsikan  sebagai Conjuction dalam rangkaian Ajd Clause(AC).
Kinds : When             where
 why                 that
ex : I    Forgate   the   date   when   you   come.

6.    Conjungtive Adverb (CA)
Adv yang sekaligus Conj.
Kinds : Besides                             
            Furthermore               AND
            Moreover                   

            Hence                        
            Thus                           SO

S + V ; CA ,S + V
S + V. CA, S + V

                       

           
            Ex: He sick, so he is absent.
                  He is sick; Hence, he is absent
                 He is sick. hence, he is absent.


5.Adjective
                            
    Def : Adjective is a word that describes a noun/pronoun.
           Kata sifat yang menjelaskan Noun/pronoun sehingga membnetuk pola NP(Noun Phrase)
      Example:  -beautiful girl.     (noun phrase)
                          adj     →  noun
                       -She is beautiful.       (in sentence)
                        pron  ←    adj

   Kind of adjective:

            A.Limiting adjective (LA)

               Yaitu adjective bersifat “Membatasi Noun” .
               Anggota :
                -Article : kata sandang.
a, an, the .
ex : a university, an umbrella, the man.ect...
                        Kinds : > Definite Article   : (jelas) The ~> N [c] sing / N[u] / N Cpl.

                                    > Indefinite Article : (tidak jelas) ~>    a  : Consonan sound.
                                                                                                an : Vowel sound
                       
                -Demontrative adjective : Kata Tunjuk.
> Singular   : this, that, (tunggal)
> Plural       : these, those (jama’).
                                   
                -Possessive adjective : kata kepemilikan
Poss. Adjective : Yang berasal dari Pronoun:my, your, her, our,his, their, jack’s. . .
                                                            ex     :Your   House
                                                                                                adj          noun
                                Poss. Genetive : Kepemilikan yang berasal dari Noun.
·         Benda hidup : berahiran “s”
ex : Bukunya  Agus ~> Agus’s Book / Agus’ Book.
·         Tidak berahiran “s”
ex: Suaminya Ida ~> Ida’s Husband.
·         Benda Mati
. . . Of . . .
ex : Kuncinya Mobil.         ~Lantainya Kelas.
       The Key of car.            The floor of class.


 The. . . .of . . .

   N    +   N
  
    -Indefinite quantity :  “menyatakan jumlah”
Banyak :~>  many: n Cpl [plural]
  ~>  much : n {U} [uncountable]

                        Sedikit  :          Few  : n Cpl
                                                Little : n U

                        Beberapa :      Some  : (+, - , ? ) n Cpl
                                                Any      : ( - , ? ) n U
                                                Several : (+ , - , ? ) n Cpl.

                        Setiap    :         Each  : n C singular
                                                Every : n C singular

                        ex :      1. Many (man/mans/men) bring ( much/many)water.
                                    2. Several (book/books) (is,am,are) on the table.
                                                                       

                -Numeral : “bilangan “
a.) cardinal number : one, two, three, four, etc .
                                    b.) ordinal number : first, second, third, forth, etc .

            B.Descriptive adjective (DA)
               Yaitu adjective yang memberi gambaran mengenai kondisi Noun.

                -Character : “ Sifat” Kind, Cruel, Humle, Wise, ect

                -Quality :”kualitas” honest, kind, friendly, good, bad, ugly, handsome, etc .

                -Size :”ukuran” small , big, little, long, short, high, etc .

                -Age  : “umur”old, new, young, ancient, etc.

                -Temperature : “suhu”hot, cold, warm, etc.

                -Shape : “bentuk” square, triangle, round, oval, etc.

                -Color  : “warna” blue, green, white, brown, black, etc.

                -Nationality : “kebangsaan” Indonesia, America, England, etc.
            Adjective bersama noun membentuk rangkaian yang disebut dengan Noun Phrase (np)
dan berpola :
            LA     +       DA    +       N
                        modifirer          modifier           head

            LA        : Limiting Adjective.
            DA       : Descreptive Adjective.
            N          : Noun.

               Example:  an  old  car.                                 ~>  Beautiful   woman.
                                 LA    DA    N                                                              DA              N
                                           M      M     H                                                                  M             H         

                                -three  purple  plastic  bags.        ~>  Ani’s    Book
                                 LA            DA                          N                                 LA         N


6.Conjunction
    A conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses.
Kinds: A. Compound Conj “setara”
            B. Complex Conj “tidak setara”

A.   Compound Conj
Def : Conj yang menghubungkan hal-hal yang setara (setara structure).
form :
Word

Noun

Adjective

Phrase

Clause

Sentence
CONJUCTION
Word

Noun

Adjective

Phrase

Clause

Sentence

Kinds:  1. Cordinative Conj “1 kata”
            2. Correlative Conj “lebih dari 1 kata”.

       a.)Coordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value: 
            Kinds : F,A,N,B,O,Y,S
ü  For  :  karena
ü  And :  dan
ü  Nor  :  pun../tdk
ü  But  :  tetapi
ü  Or   :  atau
ü  Yet  :  tetapi
ü  So : jadi, sehingga
Note :  F, N, Y, S menghubungkan clause dengan clause.
            A, B, O menghubungkan ~Word - Word.
                                                     ~Clause - Clause.
For, So, Yet : Penulisan diawali dg tanda koma(,).
Nor : Bila menghubungkan antara MC-MC maka Clause bila setelah Nor harus di 
                     inversi(susun balik).
For : Conj + For + S + V
                    Prep + For + O + of  Prep.

S + V   Nor  S + V
  MC               MC
                        |
                   V + S             
ex   :    Dia tidak akan minum dan dia tidak akan makan.
            She will not drink and she will not eat.
                                        _____nor_________     

            She  will  not  drink nor,  will  she  eat.

             Example:   -For :  He felt upset, for he lost his money.
                               -And : The dog and the cat are hungry.
                               -Nor :  I did’t study chemistry nor math.
                               -But  : She is beautiful, but she is lazy
                               -Or  :   Shinta or Zahra will go to department store.
                               -Yet  :  He didn’t study, yet he passed the exam.
                               -So  :   Dicka was tired, so He went to bed.

           b.)Correlative conjunctions occur in pairs:  both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-
               but also. 
1.    Both (baik). . .And(maupun) . . .
2.    Not only(tdk hanya). . .But also(tetapi juga). . .
3.    Either(jika bukan) . . . Or(berarti). . .
4.    Neither(baik). . . nor(maupun). . .

               Example :  -Both the fish and the snake are thirsty. 
                                 -Not only Tika but also her sister can speak English.
                                 -Either Sam or I am going to your home.
                                 -Neither my sister nor my parents are here.     

           c.)Subordinate conjunctions connect unequal clauses (dependent clauses with
               independent clauses). They include:  after, although, as, because, before, if,
               since, than, though, unless, until, when, where, while.  

               Example:  - After they ate, they had dessert.
                                -She will go to school although it rains.

B. Complex Conjuction.(tidak setara)
2.    Semua kata penghubung yang tidak masuk dalam Cordinative, Correlative.
3.    Tidak setara.
4.    Pola S + V   Conj  S + V
   Main Clause         Sub Clause
Conj S + V  , S + V
     SC                   MC 
5.    Anggota : selain Compound “Because, if ..”

ex: Ari  always  smiles , because  he  is  crazy.
      s                   v         conj         s    v
_________________     _________________
        MC                                        SC
                               
                                ex :  Ari   goes   If      I     go
                                         s         v     conj  s     v
                             _________           _________
                                    MC                   SC


7.Preposition
    A preposition usually  shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another part of a sentence.
Def        :  Kata yang mengawali rangkaian prepositional Phrase.
Form     :
Prep + Obj of Prep
            n/prep/np/G


       Examples:  -My pencil is under my desk by my foot.        
                          -Martha drove motorcycle from her house to her university.
                          -Rika cooked rice for me.

     Kind of preposition :
            1.Bound preposition
                Example:  -He is jelouse at you.
                                 -She is thinking of him.
                                 -Harun always looks after his pet.
            2. Free preposition
                 Example :  -Joe is sitting between two beautiful girl.
                                   -They come to their friend house.

    Kata yang mengikuti Preposition :
·         Noun
Interest in
Objection to
Attention to
·         Adjective
Afraid of
Angry with
Jealous at
·         Verb
Tidak merubah makna.
-       Agree
-       agree with
-       live
-       live in
                                                            Kata yang Merubah Makna :
-       Look          :nampak                      - Pick     : memetik
-       Look for     :mencari                      - Pick up:menjemput
-       Look after  :merawat       
-       Look at      :melihat
Kinds : ~Unsparable
                        Tidak dapat dipisahkan dari object
                        ex : Rina always look after my cat.
            ~Sparable
                                    Dapat dipisahkan
                                    ex : Irul pick up Dila                            ~Irul pick her up
                                           Irul pick Dila up                            ~ Irul pick up her:Salah.

8.Interjection.
   An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion; usually it is followed by an  
   exclamation mark.
   Example:  well! , good heaven!  Come out! , no fear! , ah! , dear! , fire!, oh my! ,etc.          
                    -Ah! That’s not right.
                    -That little sister of his, oh ,is such a clear.


CLAUSE
           
          Clause is a part of a sentence which contains a subject and verb, usually 
joined to the rest of sentence by conjunction.
Kind of clause :
1.    Noun Clauses
A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase.
                  Example : a.)Question word
    -I love how you love me.
    -I don’t know where she lives.
    -I don’t know who lives there.
    -I wonder whose house that is.

b.)Yes/No Question
    -I don’t know whether he will come.
    -I wonder if he needs help.
    -Whether she comes or not is unimportant to me.

            c.)Statement
                                        -It is important that we help one another.
                                        -Have I told you lately that I love you?
                                        -We know that the world is round.
                                        -It is obvious that she doesn’t understand spoken English.

            2.   Adjective Clauses
                  An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in
                  another clause or phrase.

                    a.)Adjective clause pronouns as the subject.
                                    ▪Who =used for people.
                                    ▪Which=used for things.
                                    ▪That=used for both people and thing.
                        Example :    -I visited the girl who lives next to my house
                                            -I think the girl who called you likes you.
                                            -The book which is on table is mine.

                    b.)Adjective clause pronouns as the object of a verb.
                                    ▪Who(m)=used for people.
                                    ▪Which=used for thing.
                                    ▪That=used for both people and things.
                        Example:     -I bought a book which Zahra wrote.  
                                            -The man who(m) I saw was Mr. john.

                    c.)Adjective clause pronouns as the object of preposition.
                                    ▪Whom=used for people.
                                    ▪Which=used for things.
                          Example:      -Mr. Farhan is a teacher about whom I told you. Or
                                               -Mr. Farhan is a teacher whom I told you about.
                                               -The music to which we listened last night was good. Or
                                               -The music which we listened to last night was good.

                     d.)Adjective clause pronouns as possessive.
                                    ▪Whose=used to show possession.
                                    ▪Of which
                        Example:    -I know the girl whose bicycle is good.
                                           -Your dog of which fur is thick is white.Or
                                           -Your dog of fur is thick is white. 

            3.   Adverbial Clauses
                  An adverbial clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb
                  in another clause or phrase.
                     a.)Adverbial clauses to show cause and effect.
                         Example:  -He went to bed because he was sleepy.
                                          -Harry is in good shape physically because he gets a lot of
                                           exercise.

                     b.)Adverbial clauses of time.
                          Example:  -I still remember the day when we met for the first time.
                                           -He had no sooner finished one task then he was asked to do 
                                            another.

                     c.)Adverbial clauses of reason.
                          Example:  -Since he couldn’t take his wife with him, he decided not to go to
                                             the conference. 
                                         -She has been going out with him since they met three years ago.

                      d.)Adverbial clauses of contrast.
                           Example:  -Some newspaper carry many advertisement, whereas others
                                              have not at all.
                                            -He claims to be a member of the royal family, when in fact his
                                             family are immigrant. 

                      e.)Adverbial clauses of purpose.
                           Example: 
                                        -He told his wife  as little as possible, lest should spread the news
                                              all over town.

                      f.)Adverbial clauses of condition.
                          Example:  -If it rain, the street get wet.
                                           -I’m going to go swimming tomorrow, whether or not it is cold.

                      g.)Adverbial clauses of manner.
                          Example:  -They all treat him as if he were a king.
                                           -He left the room as though he had been angry.
                  

PHRASE

            Phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbal, but it does not
have a subject doing a verb.
   Kind of phrase :
1.      Noun Phrases
A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, adjective clauses, and other nouns in the possessive case.
Example :  -My    expensive book is lost.
                    m/adj      m/adj   →   H/n
                                                noun phrase
                                    -My   father washes my    car.
                                     m/adj   H/n                      m/adj   H/n
                                                  noun phrase                  noun phrase

2.      Adjective Phrases
An adjective phrase is any phrase which modifies a noun or pronoun.
Example :  -Mathematic is  so      difficult.
                                           m/adj → H/adj  
                                                          adj. phrase

3.      Adverb Phrases
      A adverb phrase is prepositional phrase can also be an adverb phrase,
      functioning   as an adverb, as in the following sentences.  
      Example: -The singer sings very   beautifully.
                                                                m/adv → H/adv
                                                              adv. phrase    
                                           
            4.   Verb Phrases
                  A verb phrase consists of a verb, its direct and/or indirect objects, and any
                  adverb, adverb phrases, or adverb clauses which happen to modify it.
                  Example :  -Often    come.                       -Run   fast.
                                      m/adv  →  H/n                                      H/n →  m/adv
                                                      v. phrase                                              v. phrase

                5.   Gerund Phrases
                  A gerund is an -ing form of a verb functioning as a noun in a sentence.
                  A gerund phrase is the gerund plus any phrase or clause associated with it.
                  Example :  -I forgot bringing  my book.
                                                                     Gerund ← obj. of ger./n
                                                                           Gerund phrase

            6.Participle Phrases
               A participial is an -ing or -ed form of a verb—not functioning as a noun. Instead, it
               and the phrases or clauses associated with it function as a modifier in a sentence.
               Example :  -I love the   girl   sweeping there.
                                           m/adj  H/n        m/ adj
                                                                                   part.phrase


7.To infinitive Phrases
   To infinitive phrases are composed of an infinitive verb (the base form
    of the verb preceded by to) and any modifying adverbs or prepositional
    phrase.                    
                Example :  -I want to help  my mother.
                                               To inf.← obj. of to inf.
                                                                    To inf. phrase
                                  -I remember to repair my bicycle.
                                                        To inf.    ← Obj. of to inf.
                                                                                To if. Phrase

                8.Prepositional Phrases
               Prepositional phrases are composed of the preposition and a following noun
               phrase. Prepositional phrases are used either adjectivally to modify nouns
               or adverbially to modify verbs, adjectives, or clauses.
               Example :  -Mr. John goes to     Lombok     with   his    son.
                                                          PrepObj. of prep   prep.  m/ adj  H/n
                                                            prep. Phrase       prep. Phrase

            9.Exclamatory Phrases
               Example :  -What a pity you are.    
                                            n.phrase
                                    excl. phrase
                                 -How difficult it is.
                                           Adi    
                                                Excl.phrase


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