PART OF SPEECH
PART
OF SPEECH
Part of speech is a classification of words according to how they
are used in a sentence and the types of ideas they convey.
No.
|
Part of
Speech
|
Example
|
1.
|
Noun
|
Jack
,teacher ,book ,child ,life ,house ,table ,bag ,etc .
|
2.
|
Pronoun
|
I ,you ,we
,they ,he ,she ,it ,myself ,mine ,someone
,etc .
|
3.
|
Verb
|
Buy , sleep
,study ,send ,watch ,wash ,swim ,write ,etc .
|
4.
|
Adverb
|
Often
,always ,yesterday ,tomorrow ,easily ,here ,etc .
|
5.
|
Adjective
|
Cheap
,expensive ,old ,smart ,beautiful ,many ,much ,etc .
|
6.
|
Conjunction
|
After
,before ,and , or ,but ,since , if ,while ,because ,etc .
|
7.
|
Preposition
|
On ,at
,with ,for ,to ,in ,of ,by ,without ,etc
|
8.
|
Interjection
|
Oh ,ah ,wow
,hey ,hello ,ouch ,hi ,etc .
|
1.Noun
There are 4 kinds of noun:
1.Common noun (umum) is noun which is generally.
Example: Boy Country Scientist Day
City Month Mountain Year
2.Proper noun (husus) is a noun which is the name of a particular person,
place, organitation.
etc.(Andrew, brazil, the European Union.)
Example: Indonesia
is a big country.
proper noun
3.Collective noun(sekumpulan benda) is a word for group of people ,
animals or object
considered as a single unit.
Example: -A team of volley ball players is coming
.
collective noun
-A class of students is studying grammar.
collective noun
4.Material noun(berasal
dari alam)
is a noun which is from material for making
something.
Example: Gold Wood Iron
Water Salt Sand ,etc
Berdasarkan wujud:
1.Concrete noun(bisa dideteksi panca indra) is a word for a physical object that
can be
perceived by the senses.
Example: Girl Cupboard Iron
Color Cat Water ,etc
2.Abstract noun
is the name of something which we experience as an idea ,noy by
seeing,
touching.
Example:
Biology Chemistry
Music
Politic Kindness
Berdasarkan jumlahnya:
1.Countable noun yaitu a noun which
can have a plural form, and ca be used with
the indefinite article a/an.
~ Bendanya yang dapat
dihitung.
~ Simbol n[C].
~ Ciri-ciri : Dapat
diikuti oleh 1,2,3...
Dapat
diikuti a/an.
Dapat
dijama’kan.
Kinds :
Singular [tunggal]
Plural [jama’]
Example: Singular Plural
Car Cars
Child Children
Using of
final –s/-es:
1)Regular plural noun
a.Final
–s/-es is added to word that the end is consonant and in –e/-ee
Example: Singular Plural
Book
Books
Girl
Girls
House
Houses
Tree
Trees
b.Final –es
is added to word that end in –ss,-sh,-ch,-x.
Example: Singular Plural
Class Classes
Dish Dishes
Branch Branches
Box Boxes
c.For words
that end in –y,if –y is preceded by consonant, the –y is changed to
–i and –es is added.
Example: Singular Plural
City Cities
Story Stories
d. For words
that end in –y, if –y is preceded by a vowel ,only –s is added.
Singular Plural
Boy Boys
Key Keys
e For words
that end in –f/-ef
is changed to ves
Example: Singular Plural
Wife Wives
Knife Knives
But some of
words that end in –f/-ef,only –s is added.
Example: Singular Plural
Roof Roofs
Chief Chiefs
2)Irregular plural noun
a.singular and
plural are same.
Example: Sheep deer fish
b.Noun which
is from foreign language(Latin, Yunani) .
Example: Singular Plural
Media Medium
Analysis Analyses,
etc
2.Uncountable noun is a noun which has
no plural form and cannot normally be used
with the article a/an.
Bendan
yng tidak dapat dihitung
Simbol
: n[U]
Ciri-ciri : ~Tidak dapat diikuti
1,2,3...
~Tidak dapat diikuti a/an.
~Ttidak dapat dijama’kan.
Example: water, sugar, fruit, air, milk, sand, etc .
2. Pronoun
A pronoun is
usually a substitute for a noun. The noun is called the "antecedent"
(but an
indefinite pronoun has no antecedent).
Def : Kata yang digunakan untuk
menggantikan Noun.
ex : Lihat ! Budi sedang tersenyum
sendiriyan, mungkin dia bahagia.
s noun
Look !
Budi is smiling, maybe he is happy
s pronoun
a.
Personal pronoun:
Subject
|
Object
|
Possessive
|
Reflexive
|
|
adjective
|
pronoun
|
|||
I
|
Me
|
My……
|
Mine
|
Myself
|
You
|
You
|
Your….
|
Yours
|
Yourself
|
We
|
Us
|
Our…..
|
Ours
|
Ourselves
|
They
|
Them
|
Their….
|
Theirs
|
Themselves
|
He
|
Him
|
His……
|
His
|
Himself
|
She
|
Her
|
Her……
|
Hers
|
Herself
|
It
|
It
|
Its…….
|
Its
|
Itself
|
Example: -They
watch tv in their boarding
house.
s p.adj
-My parents visited me last week.
o
-This book is mine.
p. pronoun
-I myself did my homework last night.
Reflexive
b. Demonstrative
pronouns: this, that, these, those.
Example: -This is a very good
book.
-These shoes are mine.
b.
Indefinite pronouns (yang
menggantikan benda yang tidak jelas): all, another, any,
anybody, anyone, anything, both,each, either, everybody, everyone,
everything, many,
much,
neither, nobody, no one, others, some, somebody, someone, little, several,
none, a lot(of),more,
most .
Indefinite Pronoun
Example: -No one passed
the examination.
-It happened some thirty years ago.
-I need somebody help me.
d.Interrogative
pronouns(kata
tanya yang menunjukkan benda)
who, whose, whom, which, what.
Example: -Who did it?
-Which is your car?
e.Reciprocal pronoun(Kata ganti yang
menunjukkan hubungan interaksi)
~ each other,
~ one another.
Example: -Luna and Rezky love each other.
-All students in my class love one another.
3.Verb
A verb is a
word which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something).
a. Based on form
a. Based on form
To infinitive
|
Bare infinitive
|
Additional form
|
Past form
|
Past participle
|
Present participle
|
To open
|
Open
|
Opens
|
Opened
|
Opened
|
Opening
|
To study
|
Study
|
Studies
|
Studied
|
Studied
|
Studying
|
To finish
|
Finish
|
Finishes
|
Finished
|
Finished
|
Finishing
|
To write
|
Write
|
Writes
|
Wrote
|
Written
|
Writing
|
To begin
|
Begin
|
Begins
|
Began
|
Begun
|
Beginning
|
To be
|
Be
|
Is, am, are
|
Was, were
|
Been
|
Being
|
To do
|
Do
|
Does
|
Did
|
Done
|
Doing
|
To have
|
Have
|
Has
|
Had
|
Had
|
Having
|
To eat
|
Eat
|
Eats
|
Ate
|
Eaten
|
Eating
|
b . Based on
position.
Ordinary Verb. (kata kerja utama) mian verb
·
Harus ada dalm
kalimat.
·
Dalam kalimat
hanya satu.
·
Jika verb nya
lebih dari satu, Maka ordinary yang paling ahir.
Auxilary Verb (kata kerja bantu)
Helping Verb
·
Boleh ada/tidak
dalam kalimat.
·
Boleh lebih
dari satu.
Pola : S + V : Nisa drinks oil.
s
V(ordinary) o
S
+ V + V : Nisa is
dringking oil.
s aux ord o
S
+ V + V + V : Nisa will have drunk oil.
s aux aux
ord o
S
+ V + V + V + V : Nisa will
have been dringking oil.
s aux aux aux ord
o
c .Based on the function :
1.)Verb
auxiliary (kata ganti bantu)Halping verb
Example :
-Anton is watching tv
now.
v.aux
- Adib and Reza are smart student.
v.aux
Kind of verb auxiliary:
a.
Primary auxiliary
~Tidak ada makna dalam kamus
~Membentuk karakter tenses
~Anggota :
Be : Is, Am, Are, Was, were, been, being.
Do : Do/does, Did, Done.
Have : Have, has, had.
Example
: -She is reading magazine.
-Dinda doesn’t like him.
-You have had breakfast.
-They didn’t look at me.
Dapat menjadi Ordinary apabila :
Be
: Kalimat nominal
Do
: Bermakna “Mengerjakan”
Have
: Bermakna “mempunyai/ meni’mati”.
b.
Modal auxiliary
~ Memiliki makna kamus dalam kalimat
~ Membentuk karakter tenses
~ Anggota: Will (akan)
Would (akan,dulu terbiasa),
Shall (akan),
Should (akan,seharusnya,kemungkinan),
Can (bisa),
Must (harus,pasti),
may (mungkin,boleh,semoga).
~ Selamanya menjadi Auxilary.
Example : - I will go to Lombok island.
-They should
come on time.
c.
Emphasize auxiliary
~ Memberikan penamaan pada Verb
~ Bermakna Sungguh-sungguh
~ Anggota : do/does, did, done.
Example
: -She does love him.
-I do miss you. [saya benar-benar merindukan mu]
~ Kalimat (+).
2.)Verb
ordinary (kata
kerja utama) Main verb
Example :
-I have bought a new
car.
v.ord
-She studies English.
v.ord
-I don’t do my
homework.
v.ord
Kind of verb ordinary :
a.Transitive
verb
Def : Kata kerja yang membutuhkan Objek.
example : - I
like you.
▪Kind
of verb transitive:
1.) Monotransitive
is transitive verb which has 1 object only.
Example: -She waters the
flowers.
-I need you.
2.) Distransitive
is transitive verb which has 2 objects (direct object and indirect object).
Example: -I give you some
money.
IO DO
-He sent me letter.
IO DO
b.Intransitive
verb
Def: Kata yang tidak membutuhkan Objek.
example :
-They run quickly.
-I swim.
4. Adverb
An adverb
describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
Def : (kata yang menjelaskan “Adj, Adv, V,
Sentence”).
Posisi : Initial, Middle, Finaly.
Kind of adverb:
1.Adverb of
manner (cara)
Adj + ly
Careful ~> Carefully (dengan
hati-hati).
Slow ~> Slowly (dengan pelan).
Adv
+ Adj
Fast
~> Fast.
Adj/Adv(berbeda)
Good
~> Well
Example:
-Rara sings sweetly.
adv. of manner
-She goes to school by
bus.
adv. of manner
2.Adverb
of place and direction (tempat dan
arah).
Example:
-He is at home.
adv. of place
-The children are playing football outside.
adv. of direction
3.Adverb of
time (waktu)
Definite Time [jelas] : now,
tomorrow, yestrday, next mount...
Example :
-I will come to your home today.
adv. of time(definite time).
-She has already
taken a bath.
adv. of time(indefinite time)
Indefinite Time [ tidak
jelas]:keseringan,always, often,just, yet, not, already.
4. Intensifeying Adverb (ukuran)
Kinds:
1.
Adverb of degree (ukuran)
Too, Very, Enough..
Example: -He is extremely
handsome.
adv. of degree
§ Distinguishing adverb (emphasizes) penegas
Not, just, only...
Example: -This is not exactly
right.
dist.adv
-I just
want to see him.
dist.adv
B. Based on its Function
1.
Sentence adverb.
maybe ~ fortunately
Probably ~ Unfortunately
Finaly ~ ... etc.
ex : His
house was burnt. fortunately, she wasn’t at home.
2.
Explamatory
Adverb (dengan memberi contoh).
Such as Example
Exampligration Namely
Ect...
ex : I have 2 cats, namely:
ucil, dan ocil.
3. Interrogative
adverb. (kata tanya yang menanyakan adv).
Why (mengapa) ~When
(kapan)
Where (dimana) ~How (bagaimana).
ex : She
will come here tomorrow.
when will she come here?
4. Exlamatory adverb (kekeguman).
How+ ajd/adv + S + V +!
|
ex : I am confused
How Confused I am !
note : what + np + S + V (tidak masuk dlm anggota
karena what adj)
5. Relative Adverb
Adv yang
difungsikan sebagai Conjuction dalam
rangkaian Ajd Clause(AC).
Kinds : When where
why that
ex
: I Forgate the
date when you
come.
6.
Conjungtive Adverb (CA)
Adv yang sekaligus Conj.
Kinds : Besides
Furthermore AND
Moreover
Hence
Thus SO
S
+ V ; CA ,S + V
S
+ V. CA, S + V
|
Ex: He sick, so he is
absent.
He is sick; Hence, he is absent
He is sick. hence, he is absent.
5.Adjective
Def : Adjective is a word that describes a
noun/pronoun.
Kata sifat yang menjelaskan
Noun/pronoun sehingga membnetuk pola NP(Noun Phrase)
Example: -beautiful
girl. (noun phrase)
adj → noun
-She is beautiful. (in sentence)
pron ← adj
Kind of adjective:
A.Limiting
adjective (LA)
Yaitu adjective bersifat “Membatasi Noun” .
Anggota :
-Article : kata sandang.
a, an, the .
ex : a university, an
umbrella, the man.ect...
Kinds
: > Definite Article : (jelas) The ~> N [c] sing / N[u] / N Cpl.
>
Indefinite Article : (tidak jelas) ~>
a : Consonan sound.
an
: Vowel sound
-Demontrative adjective : Kata Tunjuk.
> Singular : this, that, (tunggal)
> Plural :
these, those (jama’).
-Possessive adjective : kata
kepemilikan
Poss. Adjective : Yang berasal dari Pronoun:my, your, her, our,his, their, jack’s. . .
ex :Your House
adj noun
Poss. Genetive : Kepemilikan yang berasal dari Noun.
·
Benda hidup :
berahiran “s”
ex :
Bukunya Agus ~> Agus’s Book / Agus’
Book.
·
Tidak berahiran
“s”
ex: Suaminya
Ida ~> Ida’s Husband.
·
Benda Mati
. . . Of . . .
ex : Kuncinya Mobil. ~Lantainya Kelas.
The Key of car.
The floor of class.
The. . . .of . . .
N +
N
|
-Indefinite quantity : “menyatakan jumlah”
Banyak :~> many: n Cpl
[plural]
~> much : n {U} [uncountable]
Sedikit : Few : n Cpl
Little
: n U
Beberapa
: Some : (+, - , ? ) n Cpl
Any : ( - , ? ) n U
Several
: (+ , - , ? ) n Cpl.
Setiap : Each
: n C singular
Every
: n C singular
ex : 1. Many (man/mans/men) bring ( much/many)water.
2. Several (book/books)
(is,am,are) on the table.
-Numeral : “bilangan “
a.) cardinal number : one, two, three, four, etc .
b.) ordinal
number : first, second, third, forth, etc .
B.Descriptive
adjective (DA)
Yaitu adjective yang memberi gambaran
mengenai kondisi Noun.
-Character
: “ Sifat” Kind,
Cruel, Humle, Wise, ect
-Quality
:”kualitas”
honest, kind, friendly, good, bad, ugly,
handsome, etc .
-Size
:”ukuran” small , big, little, long, short, high, etc .
-Age : “umur”old, new, young, ancient, etc.
-Temperature
: “suhu”hot, cold, warm, etc.
-Shape
: “bentuk” square, triangle, round, oval, etc.
-Color : “warna” blue, green, white, brown, black, etc.
-Nationality
: “kebangsaan” Indonesia, America, England, etc.
Adjective bersama noun membentuk rangkaian yang disebut
dengan Noun Phrase (np)
dan berpola :
LA + DA + N
modifirer modifier head
LA : Limiting Adjective.
DA
: Descreptive Adjective.
N : Noun.
Example:
an old car. ~> Beautiful woman.
LA
DA N DA
N
M M H M H
-three purple
plastic bags. ~> Ani’s Book
LA
DA N LA N
6.Conjunction
A conjunction connects words,
phrases, and clauses.
Kinds: A. Compound Conj “setara”
B.
Complex Conj “tidak setara”
A. Compound Conj
Def : Conj yang menghubungkan hal-hal yang setara (setara
structure).
form :
Word
Noun
Adjective
Phrase
Clause
Sentence
|
CONJUCTION
|
Word
Noun
Adjective
Phrase
Clause
Sentence
|
Kinds: 1. Cordinative Conj “1 kata”
2. Correlative Conj “lebih dari 1
kata”.
a.)Coordinate
conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value:
Kinds
: F,A,N,B,O,Y,S
ü For : karena
ü And : dan
ü Nor : pun../tdk
ü But : tetapi
ü Or : atau
ü Yet : tetapi
ü So : jadi, sehingga
Note : F, N, Y, S
menghubungkan clause dengan clause.
A, B, O
menghubungkan ~Word - Word.
~Clause - Clause.
For, So, Yet : Penulisan diawali dg tanda koma(,).
Nor : Bila menghubungkan antara MC-MC maka Clause bila
setelah Nor harus di
inversi(susun balik).
For : Conj + For + S + V
Prep + For + O + of Prep.
S + V Nor S + V
MC MC
|
V + S
|
ex : Dia
tidak akan minum dan dia tidak akan makan.
She will not drink and she will not eat.
_____nor_________
She will not drink nor, will
she eat.
Example:
-For : He felt upset, for he lost his money.
-And : The dog and the cat are hungry.
-Nor
: I did’t study chemistry nor math.
-But
: She is beautiful, but she
is lazy
-Or
: Shinta or Zahra will go to department store.
-Yet
: He didn’t study, yet he passed the exam.
-So : Dicka
was tired, so He went to bed.
b.)Correlative
conjunctions occur in pairs: both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-
but
also.
1.
Both (baik). .
.And(maupun) . . .
2.
Not only(tdk
hanya). . .But also(tetapi juga). . .
3.
Either(jika
bukan) . . . Or(berarti). . .
4.
Neither(baik).
. . nor(maupun). . .
Example : -Both the
fish and the snake are
thirsty.
-Not
only Tika but also
her sister can speak English.
-Either
Sam or I am going to your
home.
-Neither
my sister nor my
parents are here.
c.)Subordinate
conjunctions connect unequal clauses (dependent clauses with
independent
clauses). They include: after, although, as, because, before, if,
since,
than, though, unless, until, when, where, while.
Example: - After they ate, they had dessert.
-She will go to school although it rains.
B. Complex Conjuction.(tidak setara)
2.
Semua kata
penghubung yang tidak masuk dalam Cordinative, Correlative.
3.
Tidak setara.
4.
Pola S + V
Conj S + V
Main Clause Sub Clause
Conj S + V , S + V
SC MC
5.
Anggota :
selain Compound “Because, if ..”
ex: Ari always
smiles , because he is
crazy.
s v conj s
v
_________________ _________________
MC SC
ex
: Ari goes
If I go
s v conj
s v
_________ _________
MC SC
7.Preposition
A preposition
usually shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another part
of a sentence.
Def :
Kata yang mengawali rangkaian prepositional Phrase.
Form :
Prep + Obj of Prep
n/prep/np/G
|
Examples:
-My pencil is under my desk by my
foot.
-Martha drove
motorcycle from her house to
her university.
-Rika cooked
rice for me.
Kind of preposition :
1.Bound preposition
Example:
-He is jelouse at you.
-She is thinking of him.
-Harun always looks after
his pet.
2.
Free preposition
Example :
-Joe is sitting between two beautiful girl.
-They come to their
friend house.
Kata yang mengikuti Preposition :
·
Noun
Interest in
Objection to
Attention to
·
Adjective
Afraid of
Angry with
Jealous at
·
Verb
Tidak merubah makna.
-
Agree
-
agree with
-
live
-
live in
Kata
yang Merubah Makna :
-
Look :nampak - Pick
: memetik
-
Look for :mencari -
Pick up:menjemput
-
Look after :merawat
-
Look at :melihat
Kinds : ~Unsparable
Tidak
dapat dipisahkan dari object
ex
: Rina always look after my cat.
~Sparable
Dapat
dipisahkan
ex
: Irul pick up Dila ~Irul
pick her up
Irul pick Dila up ~ Irul pick up her:Salah.
8.Interjection.
An interjection is
a word that expresses feeling or emotion; usually it is followed by an
exclamation mark.
Example:
well! , good heaven! Come out! , no
fear! , ah! , dear! , fire!, oh my! ,etc.
-Ah!
That’s not right.
-That little sister of his, oh ,is such
a clear.
CLAUSE
Clause is a part of a sentence which contains a subject and
verb, usually
joined to the rest of sentence by conjunction.
Kind of clause :
1.
Noun Clauses
A
noun clause is an entire clause
which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase.
Example : a.)Question word
-I love how
you love me.
-I don’t know where she
lives.
-I don’t know who lives there.
-I wonder whose house that is.
b.)Yes/No Question
-I don’t know whether he will come.
-I wonder if he needs help.
-Whether she comes or not is
unimportant to me.
c.)Statement
-It
is important that we help one another.
-Have
I told you lately that I love you?
-We know that the world is round.
-It is obvious that she doesn’t
understand spoken English.
2. Adjective
Clauses
An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an
adjective in
another clause or phrase.
a.)Adjective
clause pronouns as the subject.
▪Who =used
for people.
▪Which=used
for things.
▪That=used for both people and thing.
Example : -I visited the
girl who lives next to my house
-I think the girl who called you
likes you.
-The book which is on table is mine.
b.)Adjective
clause pronouns as the object of a verb.
▪Who(m)=used
for people.
▪Which=used for thing.
▪That=used
for both people and things.
Example: -I bought a book which Zahra wrote.
-The man who(m) I saw was Mr. john.
c.)Adjective
clause pronouns as the object of preposition.
▪Whom=used
for people.
▪Which=used
for things.
Example: -Mr. Farhan is a teacher about whom I told you. Or
-Mr. Farhan is a teacher whom I told you about.
-The music to which we listened last night was good. Or
-The music which we
listened to last night was good.
d.)Adjective
clause pronouns as possessive.
▪Whose=used
to show possession.
▪Of
which
Example: -I know the girl whose bicycle is good.
-Your dog of which fur is thick is white.Or
-Your dog of fur is thick is white.
3.
Adverbial
Clauses
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an
adverb
in another clause or phrase.
a.)Adverbial
clauses to show cause and effect.
Example:
-He went to bed because he was
sleepy.
-Harry is in good shape physically because he gets a lot of
exercise.
b.)Adverbial
clauses of time.
Example:
-I still remember the day when
we met for the first time.
-He had no sooner finished one task then
he was asked to do
another.
c.)Adverbial
clauses of reason.
Example:
-Since he couldn’t take his wife with him, he decided not to go to
the conference.
-She
has been going out with him since they
met three years ago.
d.)Adverbial clauses of contrast.
Example:
-Some newspaper carry many advertisement, whereas others
have not at all.
-He claims to be a member of the royal
family, when in fact his
family
are immigrant.
e.)Adverbial clauses of purpose.
Example:
-He told his wife as little as
possible, lest should spread the news
all over town.
f.)Adverbial clauses of condition.
Example:
-If it rain, the street get wet.
-I’m going to go swimming tomorrow, whether
or not it is cold.
g.)Adverbial
clauses of manner.
Example:
-They all treat him as if he were a king.
-He left the room as though he had been
angry.
PHRASE
Phrase is a collection of words that may
have nouns or verbal, but it does not
have
a subject doing a verb.
Kind
of phrase :
1. Noun
Phrases
A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated
modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, adjective clauses, and
other nouns in the possessive case.
Example : -My
expensive book is lost.
m/adj m/adj
→ H/n
noun phrase
-My father washes my
car.
m/adj H/n m/adj H/n
noun phrase noun phrase
2. Adjective
Phrases
An adjective phrase is any phrase which modifies a noun or pronoun.
Example : -Mathematic is so
difficult.
m/adj → H/adj
adj. phrase
3. Adverb
Phrases
A adverb phrase is prepositional phrase can
also be an adverb phrase,
functioning as an adverb, as in the following sentences.
Example: -The singer sings very beautifully.
m/adv → H/adv
adv. phrase
4. Verb Phrases
A verb phrase consists of a verb, its direct and/or indirect
objects, and any
adverb, adverb phrases, or
adverb clauses which happen to modify it.
Example :
-Often come. -Run fast.
m/adv → H/n H/n →
m/adv
v. phrase v. phrase
5.
Gerund Phrases
A gerund is an -ing form of a verb
functioning as a noun in a sentence.
A gerund phrase is the gerund
plus any phrase or clause associated with it.
Example :
-I forgot bringing my
book.
Gerund ← obj.
of ger./n
Gerund phrase
6.Participle
Phrases
A participial is an -ing or -ed form of a
verb—not functioning as a noun. Instead, it
and the phrases or clauses
associated with it function as a modifier in a sentence.
Example : -I love the girl
sweeping there.
m/adj
H/n m/ adj
part.phrase
7.To infinitive Phrases
To infinitive phrases are composed of an infinitive verb
(the base form
of
the verb preceded by to) and any modifying adverbs or prepositional
phrase.
Example :
-I want to help my
mother.
To inf.← obj. of to inf.
To inf. phrase
-I remember to repair my
bicycle.
To inf. ←
Obj. of to inf.
To
if. Phrase
8.Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional phrases are composed of the preposition and
a following noun
phrase. Prepositional phrases
are used either adjectivally to modify nouns
or adverbially to modify verbs,
adjectives, or clauses.
Example : -Mr. John goes to Lombok with his
son.
Prep. Obj. of prep
prep. m/ adj
H/n
prep. Phrase
prep. Phrase
9.Exclamatory
Phrases
Example :
-What a pity you are.
n.phrase
excl. phrase
-How difficult it is.
Adi
Excl.phrase
